Endapan Plaser
Synopsis
Endapan primer dan endapan sekunder merupakan korelasi genetik yang menuntun dalam mendeteksi sumber dan jarak terbentuknya endapan plaser. Salah satu endapan plaser paling mudah diuangkan adalah butiran emas plaser. Korelasi genetik dan nilai jual merupakan pedoman umum para penambang endapan emas plaser yang umumnya didominasi oleh para penambang tanpa izin. Sederhananya bila dijumpai butiran emas di gunung maka pasti ada pula butiran emas di sungai. Memang emas plaser sangat menjanjikan selain langsung memiliki nilai jual juga karena diperoleh dari proses pemisahan cukup sederhana dari batuannya.
Awalnya kegiatan penelitian eksploratif diutamakan pada endapan primer seperti hidrotermal, epitermal, porfiri dan logam dasar, ternyata banyak dijumpai indikasi endapan plaser yang belum terdeteksi secara genetik. Inilah yang menjadi alasan bagi saya mewujudkan buku ini untuk memudahkan dalam pembelajaran baik bagi kalangan mahasiswa maupun pembaca pemerhati endapan mineral.
References
B., Colp Douglas. (1976). A Placer Gold Evaluation Technique, Comparison Between a Hammer and a Klam Drill. Dalam A Short Course on Placers, Exploration and Mining. Las Vegas: University of Nevada.
Barkov, Andrei Y., Kauko V. O. Laajoki, Stanislav S. Gornostayev, Yakov A. Pakhomovskii, & Yuri P. Men’Shikov. (1998). Sorosite, Cu(Sn,Sb), a New Mineral from the Baimka Placer Deposit, Western Chukotka, Russian Far East. American Mineralogist, Vol. 83, hlm. 901 – 906.
Battey, M. H. (1981). Mineralogy for Student (Edisi 2). London: Longman.
Blackwelder, Eliot. (1932). Glacial and Associated Stream Deposits of the Sierra Nevada. Dalam Annual Report of the State Mineralogist (Vol. 28, hlm. 303 – 310). Sacramento: California State Mining Bureau.
Boyle, R. W. (1979). The Geochemistry of Gold and Its Deposits (Together with a Chapter on Geochemical Prospecting for the Element). Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.
Brooks, Alfred Hulse. (1914). Mineral Resources of Alaska: Report on Progress of Investigations in 1913. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 592. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
Browne, Ross E. (1890). The Ancient River Beds of the Forest Hill Divide. Dalam Annual Report of the State Mineralogist (Vol. 10, hlm. 435 – 465). Sacramento: California State Mining Bureau.
Camm, G. S. & D. G. Croot. (1994). Quaternary Placer Cassiterite Deposits in Cornwall: The Role of Periglaciial Processes in Their Development. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, Vol. 8 No. 3, hlm. 328 – 330.
Chapman, R. J., R. C. Leake, & Norman R. Moles. (2000). The Use of Microchemical Analysis of Alluvial Gold Grains in Mineral Exploration: Experiences in Britain and Ireland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 71 No. 3, hlm. 241 – 268.
Childs, S. J. & F. A. Shillington. (1999). Some Wave{related, Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits. arXiv:physics/9909023.
Clark, William B. (1965). Tertiary Channels. Dalam Mineral Information Service, (Vol. 18, hlm. 39 – 44). Sacramento: California Division of Mines and Geology.
Clark, William B. & Denton W. Carlson. (1956). Mines and Mineral Resources of El Dorado County, California. California Journal of Mines and Geology, Vol. 52 No. 4, hlm. 369 – 591.
Clifton, H. Edward, Arthur Hubert, & R. Lawrence Phillips. (1967). Marine Sediment Sample Preparation for Analysis for Low Concentrations of Fine Detrital Gold. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Circular 545. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
Clough, D. M. & D. Craw. (1989). Authigenic Gold-Marcasite Association: Evidence for Nugget Growth by Chemical in Fluvial Gravels, Southland, New Zealand. Economic Geology, Vol. 84 No. 4, hlm. 953 – 958.
Dana, Edward Salisbury. (1932). A Text-Book of Mineralogy: With an Extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Das, Braja M. (2007). Principles of Foundation Engineering (Edisi 6). Stamford: Cengage Learning.
Dasher, John, Foster Fraas, & Alton Gabriel. (1942). Mineral Dressing of Oregon Beach Sands. Concentration of Chromite, Zircon, Garnet and Ilmenite. Dalam Report of Investigations. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Delaune, Mireille, Michel Fornari, Gerard Herail, Gerard Laubacher, & Michel Rouhier. (1988). Correlation Between Heavy Mineral Distribution and Geomorphological Features in the Plio-Pleistocene Gold-Bearing Sediments of the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera Through Principal Component Analysis. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, Vol. 4 No. 4, hlm. 133 – 144.
DiLabio, R. N. W. (1991). Classification and Interpretation of the Shape and Surface Textures of Gold Grains from Till. Gisements Alluviaux d'or, hlm. 297 – 313.
Emery, K. O. & L. C. Noakes. (1968). Economic Placer Deposits of the Continental Shelf. Technical Bulletin – ECAFE, Vol. 1, hlm. 95 – 110.
Emmons, William Harvey. (1917). The Enrichment of Ore Deposits. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 625. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Faulkner, Edward Leslie. (1986). Introduction to Prospecting. Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources.
Force, Eric R. (1991). Geology of Titanium – Mineral Deposits. Dalam GSA Special Paper, (Vol. 259, hlm.). Colorado: Geological Society of America.
Frimmel, Hartwig E. (1997). Detrital Origin of Hydrothermal Witwatersrand Gold – A Review. Terra Nova, Vol. 9 No. 4, hlm. 192 – 197.
Gaber, Ahmed El-Sayed, Eman Ghoneim, F. Khalaf, & Farouk El-Baz. (2009). Delineation of Paleolakes in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 73 No. 1, hlm. 127 – 134.
Goldfarb, Richard J., Geoffrey Neil Phillips, & W. J. Nokleberg. (1998). Tectonic Setting of Synorogenic Gold Deposits of the Pacific Rim. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 13, hlm. 185 – 218.
Goldfarb, Yu. I. (2007). Dynamic Classification of Alluvial Gold Placers in the Northeast of Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, Vol. 49 No. 4, hlm. 241 – 270.
Goldich, Samuel S. (1938). A Study in Rock Weathering. Journal of Geology, Vol. 46 No. 1, hlm. 17 – 58.
Griggs, Allan Bingham. (1945). Chromite-Bearing Sands of the Southern Part of the Coast of Oregon. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 945, (113 – 150). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Groen, John C., James R. Craig, & J. Donald Rimstidt. (1990). Gold-Rich Rim Formation on Electrum Grains in Placer. Canadian Mineralogist. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 28 No. 2, hlm. 207 – 228.
Guilbert, John M. & Charles Frederick Park. (1986). The Geology of Ore Deposits. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Guilbert, John M. & Charles Frederick Park. (2007). The Geology of Ore Deposits. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
Hails, J.R. (1976). Placer Deposits. Dalam Handbook of Strata – Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits, (Vol. 3, hlm. 213 – 244). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
Haley, Charles Scott. (1923). Gold Placers of California. Dalam Bulletin 92. Sacramento: California State Mining Bureau.
Henley, R. W. & J. Adams. (1979). On the Evolution of Giant Gold Placers. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 88, hlm. 41 – 50.
Hennig, Juliane, Robert Hall, & Richard Armstrong. (2016). U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of Rocks from West Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: Extension – Related Metamorphism and Magmatism During the Early Stages of Mountain Building. Gondwana Research, Vol. 32 No. 1, hlm. 41 – 63.
Herail, Gerard, Michel Fornari, & Michel Rouhier. (1989). Geomorphological Control of Gold Distribution and Gold Particle Evolution in Glacial and Fluvioglacial Placers of the Ancocala-Ananea Basin – Southeastern Andes of Peru. Geomorphology, Vol. 2 No. 4, hlm. 369 – 383.
Hill, James Madison. (1916). Notes on the Fine Gold of Snake River, Idaho. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 620, (271 – 294). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Hill, P. A. & A. Parker. (1984). Detrital Zircon of Spurn Head, Yorkshire, England: The Economic Potential. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 93, hlm. 35 – 38.
Isla, Federico I., Gustavo Gabriel Bujalesky, Maria Galasso, & Claudio G. De Francesco. (2005). Morphology, Grain-size and Faunistic Composition of the Macrotidal Beaches of Tierra del Fuego. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Vol. 60 No. 3, hlm. 435 – 445.
Islam, Md. R., Rojstaczer Stuart, Aario Risto, & Peuraniemi Vesa. (2002). Mineralogical Changes During Intense Chemical Weathering of Sedimentary Rocks in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 20 No. 8, hlm. 889 – 901.
Jenkins, Olaf Pitt. (1946). New Technique Applicable to the Study of Placers. Dalam Placer Mining for Gold in California, Bulletin 135, (149 – 216). Sacramento: California State Mining Bureau.
Kartashov, I. P. (1971). Geological Features of Alluvial Placers. Economic Geology, Vol. 66 No. 6, hlm. 879 – 885.
Kauffman, Albert J. & K. D. Baber. (1956). Potential of Heavy-Mineral-Bearing Alluvial Deposits in the Pacific Northwest. Dalam Information Circular 7767. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Kazakevich, Yu. P. (1972). Formation and Retention Conditions of Buried Complex Gold Placers. Moscow: Nedra.
Kazhenkina, A. G. & Z. S. Nikiforova. Types of Primary Sources of Placer Gold of the East Siberian Platform (Lena-Viluy Interfluve). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 44 No. 042013.
Lalomov, Alexander V. & Serguei E. Tabolitch. (1997). Gold Placers in Earth History. Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, Vol. 11 No. 3, hlm. 330 – 334.
Land, Magnus & Bjorn Ohlander. (2000). Chemical Weathering Rates, Erosion Rates and Mobility of Major and Trace Elements in a Boreal Granitic Till. Aquatic Geochemistry, Vol. 6 No. 4, hlm. 435 – 460.
Leeuwen, Theo M. van & Muhardjo. (2005). Stratigraphy and Tectonic Setting of the Cretaceous and Paleogene Volcanic-Sedimentary Successions in Northwest Sulawesi, Indonesia: Implications for the Cenozoic Evolution of Western and Northern Sulawesi. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 25 No. 3, hlm. 481 – 511.
Lindgren, Waldemar. (1911). The Tertiary gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 73. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Lindholm, Roy Charles. (1963). "Structural petrology of the Ortega quartzite, Ortega Mountains, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico". Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
Loen, Jeffrey S. (1992). Mass Balance Constraints on Gold Placers: Possible Solutions to "Source Area Problems". Economic Geology, Vol. 87 No. 6, hlm. 1624 – 1634.
Lynn, Michael David. (1992). "The Development and Distribution of Heavy Mineral Concentration in Alluvial System". Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown.
MacDonald, Eoin H. (1973). Manual of Beach Mining Practice: Exploration and Evaluation (Edisi 2). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
MacDonald, Eoin H. (1983). Alluvial Mining: The Geology, Technology and Economics of Placers. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Marquez-Zavalia, María Florencia, Gordon Southam, James R. Craig, & Miguel Angel Galliski. (2004). Morphological an Chemical Study of Placer Gold from the San Luis Range, Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 42 No. 2, hlm. 169 – 182.
Mason, R. S., J. J. Gray, & B. F. Vogt. (1977). Mineralization in the North – Central Western Cascades. Oregon Geology, Vol. 39 No. 12, hlm. 185 – 205.
Meleik, M. L., K. M. Fouad, S. N. Wassef, A. A. Ammar, & G. A. Dabbour. (1978). Aerial and Ground Radiometry in Relation to the Sedimentation of Radioactive Minerals of the Damietta Beach Sands, Egypt. Economic Geology, Vol. 73, hlm. 1738 – 1748.
Merwin, Roland W. (1968). Gold Resources in the Tertiary Gravels of California. Dalam Technical Progress Report, Heavy Metals Program. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Minter, W. E. L. (1991). Ancient Placer Gold Deposits. Dalam Gold Metallogeny and Exploration. New York: Springer Verlag US.
Morgan, Lisa A. (2012). Geophysical Characteristics of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–C, (117 – 131). Virginia: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Nugraha, Abang M. Surya & Robert Hall. (2018). Late Cenozoic Palaeogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 490, hlm. 191 – 209.
Parasnis, D. S. (1979). Principles of Applied Geophysics (Edisi 3). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin.
Pardee, J. T. (1934). Beach Placers of the Oregon Coast. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Circular 8. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
Parker, Ben H. (1974). Gold Placers of Colorado. Dalam Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, (Vol. 69, hlm.). Golden: Colorado School of Mines.
Pearson, Carl A., Harold O. Mofjeld, & Richard B. Tripp. (1981). Tides of the Eastern Bering Sea Shelf. Dalam The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources, (Vol. 1, hlm. 111 – 130). Seattle: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Peterson, Donald W., Warren E. Yeend, Howard W. Oliver, & Robert E. Mattick. (1968). Tertiary Gold-Bearing Channel Gravel in Northern Nevada County, California. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Circular 566. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Pettijohn, F. J., Paul E. Potter, & Raymond Siever. (1987). Sand and Sandstones. New York: Springer Verlag US.
Phillips, Neil G. & Jonathan D. M. Law. (1994). Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand Gold Fields: A Review. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 9, hlm. 1 – 31.
Pour, Amin Beiranvand & Mazlan Hashim. (2016). Gold Mineral Prospecting Using Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) Satellite Remote Sensing Data, Central Gold Belt, Malaysia. Dalam 23rd International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Congress, Prague, Czech Republic: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Pretorius, D. A. (1981). Gold and Uranium in Quartz – Pebble Conglomerate. Dalam Economic Geology: Seventy – Fifth Anniversary Volume, (117 – 138). New Haven: The Economic Geology Publishing Company.
Pryor, E. J. (1965). Mineral Processing (Edisi 3). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
Ramasamy, P. & R. Karikalan. (2010). Distribution and Percentage of Heavy Minerals in Coastal Geomorphological Landforms in Palk Strait, Southeast Coast of India. Middle – East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, hlm. 49 – 53.
Ransome, Frederick Leslie. (1911). Geology and Ore Deposits of the Breckenridge District. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 75. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Ratman, Nana. (1976). Peta Geologi Lembar Toli-Toli, Sulawesi Utara. Bandung: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Indonesia.
Ridley, John. (2013). Ore Deposit Geology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Robb, Laurence J. & F. Meyer. (1995). The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Geological Framework and Mineralization Processes. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 10, hlm. 67 – 94.
Ruhe, Robert V. & John G. Cady. (1967). The Relation of Pleistocene Geology and Soils Between Bentley and Adair in Southwestern Iowa. Dalam Landscape Evolution and Soils Formation in Southwestern Iowa, Technical Bulletin 1349, (1 – 92). Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture.
Samad, A. (1978). Study of Placer Deposits in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Artikel dipresentasikan pada Proceeding of the 4th Annual Conference, Dhaka: Bangladesh Geological Society.
Shcheka, Galina G., Alexandr A. Vrzhosek, Bernd Lehmann, & Nadezhda D. Tolstykh. (2004). Associations of Platinum – Group Minerals from the Zolotaya Gold Placer, Primorye, Russian Far East. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 42 No. 2, hlm. 583 – 599.
Silva, Michael A. (1966). Placer Gold Recovery Methods. Sacramento: California Department of Conservation Division of Mines and Geology.
Simandjuntak, T. O., J. B. Supandjono, & Surono. (1991). Peta Geologi Lembar Poso, Sulawesi. Bandung: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Indonesia.
Singewald, Quentin D. (1950). Gold Placers and Their Geologic Environment in Northwestern Park County, Colorado. Dalam Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 955, (103 – 172). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Smith, B. H. Scott, R. V. Danchin, J. W. Harris, & K. J. Stracke. (1984). Kimberlites Near Orroroo, South Australia. Dalam Kimberlites I : Kimberlites and Related Rocks, (1, Vol. 11 A, hlm. 121 – 142). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
Sukamto, Rab & H. Sumadirdia. (1973). Peta Geologi Lembar Palu, Sulawesi. Bandung: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Indonesia.
Sukido, D. Sukarna, & K. Sutisna. (1993). Peta Geologi Lembar Pasangkayu, Sulawesi. Bandung: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Indonesia.
Sutherland, Donald G. (1985). Geomorphological Control on the Distribution of Placer Deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 142 No. 5, hlm. 727 – 737.
Sutherland, Donald G. (Ed.) (1991). Alluvial Mining. London: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Elsevier Applied Science.
Taylor, Roger G. (1979). Aspects of Secondary Deposits. Dalam Geology of Tin Deposits, (Vol. 11, hlm. 289 – 319). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
Thomas, Bruce I. & Robert V. Berryhill. (1962). Reconnaissance Studies of Alaska Beach Sands, Eastern Gulf of Alaska. Dalam Report of Investigations. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Thompson, Arthur G. (1915). Yakataga Beach Placers. Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 99 No. 18, hlm. 763 – 765.
Tjia, H. D. & T. H. Zakaria. (1974). Palu-Koro Strike-Slip Fault Zone, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sains Malaysiana, Vol. 3 No. 1, hlm. 65 – 86.
Townley, Brian K., Gerard Herail, Victor Maksaev, Carlos Palacios, Philippe de Parseval, Fabían Sepulveda, Rodrigo Orellana, Pablo Rivas, & Cesar Ulloa. (2003). Gold Grain Morphology and Composition as an Exploration Tool: Application to Gold Exploration in Covered Areas. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, Vol. 3, hlm. 29 – 38.
Tumenbayar, B., M. Batbayar, & R. Grayson. (2000). Tantalite-Cassiterite-Ilmenite-Monazite-Gold Placer in Mongolia (Ta, Nb, Sn, Ti, REEs, Au). World Placer Journal, Vol. 1, hlm. 160 – 174.
Twenhofel, William Henry. (1943). Origin of the Black Sands of the Coast of Southwest Oregon. Dalam Bulletin No. 24. Portland: State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.
Untung, Mohamad & William F. Hanna. (1975). Geophysical Investigations of Coastal Magnetite Sands at Meleman, Lumajang, East Java. Bandung: Geological Survey of Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Pertambangan Umum, Departemen Pertambangan.
Vanderburg, William O. (1936). Placer Mining in Nevada. Dalam Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 27, (Vol. 30, hlm.). Reno: University of Nevada.
Vlasov, Kuz'ma Alekseevic. (1966). Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Elements and Genetic Types of Their Deposits (Vol. 2). Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Watkinson, Ian M. (2011). Ductile Flow in the Metamorphic Rocks of Central Sulawesi, The Geological Society of London. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, Vol. 355 No. 1, hlm. 157 – 176.
Watkinson, Ian M. & Robert Hall. (2011). The Palu-Koro and Matano Faults, Sulawesi, Indonesia: Evolution of An Active Strike-Slip Fault System. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13.
Webster, J. G. (1986). The Solubility of Gold and Silver in the System Au–Ag–S–O2–H2O at 25°C and 1 ATM. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 50 No. 9, hlm. 1837 – 1845.
Webster, J. G. & A. W. Mann. (1984). The Influence of Climate, Geomorphology and Primary Geology on the Supergene Migration of Gold and Silver. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 22 No. 1 – 3, hlm. 21 – 42.
Wells, J. H. (1969). Placer Examination: Principles and Practice. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Whitney, Josiah Dwight. (1880). The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wierchowiec, J. (2002). Morphology and Chemistry of Placer Gold Grains – Indicators of the Origin of the Placer: An Example from the East Sudetic Foreland, Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol. 52 No. 4, hlm. 563 – 576.
Wierchowiec, J. (2007). Placer Gold and Other Economic Minerals from the Remnants of Palaeofan Deposits in the Foreland of the East Sudetes, Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol. 57 No. 4, hlm. 523 – 537.
Williams, J. A. (1968). Brief Review, Literature on Alaska Oil Shale. Dalam Miscellaneous Report 195 – 38. Fairbanks: Alaska Division of Mines and Minerals.
Wilson, Allan F. (1984). Origin of Quartz-Free Gold Nuggets and Supergene Gold Found in Laterites and Soils – A Review and Some New Observations. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 31 No. 3, hlm. 303 – 316.
Wilson, Eldred Dewey. (1961). Gold Placers and Placering in Arizona. Dalam Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Bulletin 168: A Division of the University of Arizon.
Youngson, J. H. & D. Craw. (1993). Youngson J, Craw D,, Gold Nugget Growth During Tectonically Induced Sedimentary Recycling, Otago, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 84 No. 1 – 4, hlm. 71 – 88.
Zingg, Theodor. (1935). Beitrag zur Schotteranalyse: die Schotteranalyse und ihre Anwendung auf die Glattalschotter. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, Vol. 15 No. 1, hlm. 39 – 140.